The article’s most striking tension is between peace as an international event and peace as an uneven Irish experience. The Treaty of Ryswick reduced the danger of renewed war, yet parliament simultaneously strengthened Protestant political control, restricted Catholic ecclesiastical structures, and preserved many wartime forfeitures. Meanwhile, grain controls and Athlone’s destruction show that material insecurity persisted alongside constitutional change. The confirmation of limited Limerick protections appears especially ambiguous: it recognised negotiated obligations while narrowing who could practically benefit. How should we interpret 1697: as a moment of post-war stabilisation, or as a durable settlement built on exclusion, surveillance, and hardship?