Doneraile’s Open Margin
Archived: 17 September 2026
Abstract
31,495 BCE is a modern label for roughly 33,500 years ago, during late Marine Isotope Stage 3, rather than a datable Irish event. Ireland was approaching, but had not reached, maximum glaciation; parts remained ice-free, supporting open tundra-grassland environments and large mammals. Castlepook Cave near Doneraile preserves mixed Pleistocene remains including mammoth, reindeer, giant deer, bear, wolf and Ireland’s sole spotted hyaena. A marked reindeer femur may record stone-tool butchery and Upper Palaeolithic visitors, but cannot prove settlement or occupation. Cave deposits and dates are uncertain. Secure human evidence is later, from a butchered bear bone around 12,800 years ago.