Youghal’s December College
Archived: 20 October 2026
In 1464, Ireland was divided among Gaelic lordships, Anglo-Irish magnates, church jurisdictions and Dublin’s limited English administration. Thomas FitzGerald, earl of Desmond and royal lieutenant, negotiated a treaty in Dublin with Mac William Burke and Ó Domhnaill, while rival officials contested authority. Connacht experienced succession wars, burnings, cattle raids, hostage-taking and gallowglass warfare; similar dynastic violence affected Tír Chonaill, Breifne, Fermanagh and Sliabh Lugha. Illness caused numerous deaths, possibly affecting animals. Devotion remained important through miracles, burials and church offerings. On 27 December, Desmond founded Our Lady’s College at Youghal, a collegiate church supporting worship, music, learning and local administration.