Law Amid Disorder
No ruler exercised undisputed authority throughout Ireland. Donnchad mac Briain, a son of Brian Bóruma, ruled Munster and advanced a claim to wider supremacy, but his reach depended upon hostages, tribute, alliances and repeated military demonstrations. The previous year he had obtained the hostages of Leinster and Osraige, an important assertion of status rather than proof of permanent government. Leinster itself was increasingly dominated by the ambitious Diarmait mac Máel na mBó, while Aed Ua Conchobair was strengthening his position in Connacht. The northern kingdoms, Mide and numerous smaller territories retained their own rulers and interests.