Hostings and Hired Swords
Ireland in 1080 was not a unified kingdom governed from a permanent capital. It was...
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Fractured Peace
In 1017 Ireland was living in the unsettled aftermath of Clontarf. Brian Bórama had been...
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Alliances and Fractures
Ireland entered 1180 divided among overlapping claims rather than neatly separated realms. Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair...
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Castlepook Cave Fauna
32,000 BCE is a modern chronological label, not a date that can be matched to...
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Castlepook’s Mammoth Fauna
31,986 BCE cannot be treated as a date in the ordinary historical sense. No written...
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The Fall at Odba
For Ireland, 1072 was a year of abrupt political change. Diarmait mac Máel na mBó,...
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Courtmacsherry Coastal Deposits
“31,940 BCE” is a modern label, not a year that can be recovered from Ireland’s...
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Raiders on the Shannon
The surviving chronicles make 1065 appear as a year of swift raids, disputed kingships and...
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Hugh de Lacy’s Death
Ireland in 1186 was neither conquered nor politically united. Seventeen years after the first Anglo-Norman...
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Doneraile’s Faunal Corridor
A Date Beyond Annals “31,897 BCE” is a modern calendar label, not a year that...
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