Castlepook Reindeer Incision
The label 31,974 BCE is a modern way of placing a very remote point in...
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Fortunes of the North
In 1197, the sharpest recorded upheavals in Ireland occurred in the north, where John de...
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Castlepook’s Ambiguous Toolmark
“31,930 BCE” is a modern chronological label, not a date that can be recovered from...
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Hostages and Burning
The surviving annals portray 1149 as a year of hard campaigning, hostage-taking and destructive raiding....
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Pallia and Partitions
Two assemblies defined Ireland in 1152. One gathered churchmen to settle the island’s ecclesiastical order;...
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Southern Ice-Free Ground
“31,951 BCE” is a modern chronological label, not a year in which an event in...
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Athlone Bridge Collapse
In 1146 Ireland was dominated not by a single settled monarchy but by an overlapping...
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A Kingship Transferred
Ireland in 1183 was divided among competing Gaelic kingdoms and recently established Anglo-Norman lordships. No...
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Castlepook’s Glacial Fauna
31,969 BCE is not a date that can be recovered from the Irish archaeological record...
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Raids and Reckonings
The surviving record of 1056 is unusually revealing, though far from complete. Irish annals identify...
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