A Fragile Conquest
Ireland in 1173 stood between invasion and settlement. Four years had passed since the first...
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The Killing of Tadc
The Irish annals make 1023 a year of unsettled succession, opportunistic raiding and careful observation...
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War on Two Fronts
Ireland’s annalists remembered this as “a year of much warfare”. That description, preserved in the...
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A Frontier Widens
In 1177 the struggle for Ireland entered a new phase. The Anglo-Norman footholds established since...
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A Kingdom Under Pressure
The surviving record makes 1131 unusually vivid as a year of movement: fleets along the...
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Castles and Cattle
For Ireland, 1214 is best approached not as a single national story but as a...
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Law Amid Disorder
Ireland’s surviving chronicles give an unusually vivid, though not perfectly consistent, picture of this year....
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Elephant Hall’s Mammoth Bone
The label 31,905 BCE offers a misleading degree of precision. No Irish written record, annually...
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Silts Under a Drumlin
The label “31,853 BCE” gives an appearance of precision that the evidence cannot sustain. There...
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Southern Irish Raised Beaches
The label 31,952 BCE is a modern chronological convenience, not a year that anyone living...
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