Raids Across Ireland
Ireland in 1035 was a country of energetic regional kingdoms rather than a single state...
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The Struggle at Ardee
Ireland’s annalists remembered 1159 above all as a year of armies, alliances and contested crossings....
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Cork Reindeer Butchery
“31,995 BCE” is a modern calendar label, not a date at which archaeology can identify...
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Atlantic Ice Sheet Growth
“31,991 BCE” is a modern way of labelling a point unimaginably far beyond written history....
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Castlepook’s Reindeer Bone
Modern calendar precision cannot responsibly turn 31,956 BCE into an Irish annal. No community in...
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Ruaidrí’s Ascendant Kingship
In 1167 Ireland stood between two transformations. The sudden fall of Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn in...
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Henry Of London’s Return
In 1221, Ireland was neither a single kingdom nor a territory securely ruled from Dublin....
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Castlepook’s Bone Chambers
31,838 BCE is not a year that can be recovered from Ireland’s archaeological record in...
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Fortunes of the North
In 1197, the sharpest recorded upheavals in Ireland occurred in the north, where John de...
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Succession and Pressure
In 1194, Ireland’s political map was neither settled nor neatly divided between “Irish” and “Norman”...
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