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Henry Ireton, Oliver Cromwell’s son-in-law and successor as commander of the parliamentary army in Ireland, began the campaigning season with a formidable military position but demanding tasks. Cromwell had left Ireland in 1650. Ireton now commanded the army as well as helping to shape the new Commonwealth administration. The remaining resistance was fragmented: Catholic confederates, Irish royalists, English royalists and local garrisons could still co-operate, but their political aims, religious commitments and personal rivalries did not always coincide.
Ireland’s defenders were divided by religion, local interest, military rivalry and competing ideas of loyalty. The coalition associated with James Butler, marquess of Ormond, joined Irish Catholic Confederates to Protestant royalists in the name of Charles II. Yet its unity had always been precarious. In April, Cromwell secured an agreement with many Protestant royalist forces in Munster and Leinster. They undertook not to fight for the Commonwealth’s enemies; in return, Cromwell promised security for their lives and property. This mattered militarily because it removed much of the Protestant armed support on which Ormond’s alliance depended. It also sharpened the conflict’s confessional edge: those most determined to continue organised resistance were increasingly Irish Catholics.
