Year by Year
Explore Year by Year articles from the most modern historical year back to the oldest.
3,295 Articles Archived
Downpatrick Defeat
Archived: 21 October 2026
In 1375, Ireland’s fragmented political order was revealed through warfare, succession, negotiation and administration. Niall Ó Néill defeated the English or Anglo-Irish of Downpatrick, killing Sir James of Malahide and others, demonstrating northern Gaelic strength. In Leinster, Donnchad Caemánach Mac Murchada was treacherously killed, opening the way for Art Mór’s later rise. Connacht rivals exchanged Roscommon and Ballintober castles, while Thomas succeeded Sir Edmund Albanach Mac William Burke. Raids, betrayals and kin killings exposed local insecurity. Annals recorded religiously framed deaths and poet Máel Sechlainn Ó Domhnalláin. William de Windsor’s cash-strapped administration operated as Edward III sought support at Westminster.
Athlone Murder
Archived: 21 October 2026
In 1374, Ireland was shaped by contested local lordships rather than unified conflict. Cú Choicriche Óg Mac Eochagáin, chief of Cenél Fiachach, was murdered near Athlone while accompanying the Bishop of Meath; his killer was brutally executed. William de Windsor returned as royal lieutenant, but crown authority remained limited. Connacht saw Theobald Burke, Mac William’s heir, killed by Uí Maine, while Annaly warfare claimed Máel Sechnaill Ó Fearghail. Feuds followed disputed killings. Annals also record Niall Ó Néill’s victory over Ulster settlers, though its date is uncertain. Deaths including historian Máel Sechnaill Ruad Ó Duibhgeannáin underline violence and fragmented authority.
Annaly Pursuit
Archived: 21 October 2026
In 1373, Irish annals record violence across contested lordships rather than a national campaign. Meath raiders killed Ruaidrí Ó Fergail, his son and followers in Annaly; Donnchad Ó Fergail pursued them, inflicted losses, but was slain by an arrow and his men defeated. Elsewhere, William Dalton and Meath’s sheriff were killed, while Connacht disputes brought treachery, hostage killing and injury. Dynastic murders affected Maguire and de Burgh figures. Deaths of noblewomen, churchmen, historians and poets reveal interconnected elites and learning. A destructive wind damaged churches. These entries portray overlapping Gaelic, settler and administrative powers, with chronology sometimes uncertain in places.
Oriel Killing
Archived: 22 October 2026
Records for 1372 reveal Ireland’s overlapping Gaelic, Hiberno-English and royal jurisdictions. Sir William Windsor left the lieutenancy in March, succeeded by Gerald FitzGerald, while Robert Ashton became justiciar in June amid inquiries into Windsor’s administration. Annals commemorate Brian Mór Mac Mathghamhna’s treacherous killing, although sources dispute whether it occurred in 1371 or 1372; his death affected Oriel’s politics. Seoán Mór Ó Dubhagáin, historian to Uí Mhaine, died at Rinn Dúin, where Gaelic scholarship met a former colonial settlement. Deaths, succession, capture and conflict in Connacht and the midlands further demonstrate political, social and religious interdependence, while underscoring annalistic chronology’s limitations.
Ormond Arrow
Archived: 22 October 2026
In 1371, Ireland remained politically fragmented, with royal, urban, Anglo-Irish, Gaelic and ecclesiastical authorities competing through law, warfare, patronage and local alliances. Dublin successfully petitioned Edward III against exactions imposed by lieutenant William de Windsor. In Ormond, Murchadh Ó Madden was killed by an exceptional arrow-shot, while Brian Ó Cennétig died amid regional conflict. Tadhg Óg Ó Conchobair was murdered after captivity in Sligo Castle. Annals associate Domhnall Ó Dubhda with capturing north Connacht castles and redistributing land. Archbishop John Ó Gráda died, plague claimed musician Amlaim Mac Senaig, and obituaries stressed hospitality, learning, patronage and genealogical memory across Ireland.
Desmond Capture
Archived: 22 October 2026
In 1370, Brian Sreamhach Ó Briain defeated and captured Gerald FitzGerald, earl of Desmond, near Monasternenagh, then pressured Limerick, which was burned and briefly placed under Mac Conmara control. King’s lieutenant William of Windsor secured Desmond’s release, recovered the city and agreed reparations of cattle and timber. His government, hampered by inadequate funds, also faced fighting in Wicklow. Elsewhere, Niall Mór Ó Néill consolidated Tyrone through hostages, land grants, marriage and victory over Brian Mór Mac Mathghamhna. Captures, succession disputes and raids in Breifne and Leinster further demonstrated that Irish power rested on local alliances, coercion, resources and negotiated settlements.
Lough Oughter
Archived: 22 October 2026
In 1369, Ireland’s contested lordships were shaped by dynastic conflict, royal administration and ecclesiastical change. Pilib Ó Raghallaigh, king of east Breifne, was imprisoned by nephews at Lough Oughter, but his son-in-law, Pilib Maguire of Fermanagh, captured the island castle by boat and restored him. Allied resistance had earlier failed at Blencup. William Windsor arrived as royal lieutenant, summoned a Dublin parliament, and executed Diarmait Mac Murchadha and his designated successor, demonstrating force without securing Leinster. In Thomond, Mathghamhain Ó Briain died and Brian Sreamhach succeeded. Church deaths in Oriel and Breifne underscored political importance. Alliances and waterways shaped power.
Carbury Capture
Archived: 22 October 2026
In 1368, Irish authority remained fragmented and precarious. Aed Ó Conchobair, king of Connacht, died at Roscommon and Ruaidri Ó Conchobair succeeded amid partition, contested claims, disease and the killing of Tadc Ó Conchobair, which deepened dynastic hostility. In Oriel, Niall Ó Néill accepted Brian Mac Mathghamhna’s submission, but unauthorised allies attacked and were defeated with heavy losses. In Kildare, Berminghams captured royal chancellor Thomas de Burley and other officials, securing his exchange for an imprisoned kinsman and ransoms. On 17 October, fire destroyed St Mary’s monastic church at Trim. Together, these events show institutions dependent on unstable personal alliances.
Beltra Rout
Archived: 22 October 2026
In 1367, fragmented political authority shaped Ireland, as English lordship coexisted with powerful Gaelic and Gaelicised dynasties. Following the 1366 Statutes of Kilkenny and Lionel’s departure, Gerald FitzGerald, earl of Desmond, became justiciar, governing with limited resources. In Connacht and Breifne, Clann Muirchertaigh’s armed movement, the burning of a Mac Diarmata stronghold, and counterattacks demonstrated endemic warfare. At Traigh Eothuile, or Beltra Strand, Domnall Ó Conchobair’s coalition destroyed Tadc Ó Conchobair’s gallowglasses. Dynastic violence also killed Derbail Mac Diarmata. In Breifne, Cú Chonnacht Ó Raigillig relinquished lordship for religious life, while several prominent churchmen and learned figures died that year.
Kilkenny Statutes
Archived: 22 October 2026
In 1366 Lionel of Antwerp, Edward III’s lieutenant, summoned a parliament at Kilkenny to reinforce the weakening English lordship of Ireland. Its Statutes sought to separate English and Irish inhabitants by restricting intermarriage, fosterage, language, dress, law, ecclesiastical office and cultural exchange. They also regulated warfare, military service, abuses, markets, land, sport and church authority, exposing anxieties about defence and administration. The measures chiefly targeted the lordship rather than Gaelic Ireland and indicate cultural contact rather than achieved control. Contemporary annals record regional conflicts and shifting lordships beyond royal reach. Lionel’s November departure demonstrated the statute’s limits amid Ireland’s diversity.
Some records do not yet have a verified historical year and are awaiting chronological placement.